Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essay Example

Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essay The periodontium is defined as the tissues puting and back uping the dentition ( Hassell, 1993 ) . It is composed of the undermentioned tissues: alveolar bone, root cementum, periodontic ligament and gum ( Lindhe et al. , 2008, Hassell, 1993 ) . The chief map of the periodontium is to attach the tooth to the bone of the jaws for equal map and to keep the unity of the surface of the masticatory mucous membrane of the unwritten pit ( Lindhe et al. , 2008 ) . It undergoes alterations with age, and is subjected to morphologic alterations in relation to functional changes and changes in the unwritten environment ( Lindhe et al. , 2008 ) . The healthy gum usually covers the alveolar bone and root to a degree merely coronal to the cementoenamel junction ( Fig. 1 ) . The gum is classified into the free fringy gum, the interdental gum and the affiliated gum ( 187 ) . Gingivas are portion of the soft tissue liner of the oral cavity. They surround the dentitions and supply a seal around them. Compared with the soft tissue liners of the lips and cheeks, most of the gum are tightly bound to the underlying bone and are designed to defy the clash of nutrient passing over them ( Lindhe 2008 ; Narayanan 1996 ) . Healthy gum is normally coral pink, but may incorporate physiologic pigmentation. Changes in colour, peculiarly increased inflammation, together with hydrops and an increased inclination to shed blood, propose an redness that is perchance due to the accretion of bacterial plaque ( Capa N, 2007 ) . The gum is divided anatomically into fringy, affiliated and interdental countries. The fringy gum is the terminal border of gum environing the dentition. In about half of persons, it is demarcated from the adjacent, attached gum by a shallow additive depression, the free gingival channel ( Capa N, 2007 ) The fringy gum is supported and stabilized by the gingival fibres. The affiliated gum is uninterrupted with the fringy gum. It is steadfast, resilient, and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum of alveolar bone. The facial facet of the affiliated gum extends to the comparatively loose and movable alveolar mucous membrane, from which it is demarcated by the mucogingival junction. Attached gum may show with surface stippling ( Schroeder HE, 1997 ) We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The interdental gum occupies the gingival port, which is the interproximal infinite beneath the country of tooth contact. The interdental gum can be pyramidic or have a gap shape.Attached gum is immune to masticatory forces and ever keratinised ( Stephen Burke Dent IV, 1994 ) . Healthy gum normally has a colour that has been described as coral pink. Other colorss like ruddy, white, and blue can mean redness ( gingivitis ) or pathology. It has a smooth arcuate or scalloped visual aspect around each tooth. It besides fills and fits each interdental infinite, unlike the swollen gum papilla seen in gingivitis or the empty interdental port seen in periodontic disease. Healthy gum clasp tight to each tooth in that the gingival surface narrows to knife-edge thin at the free gingival border. On the other manus, inflamed gums have a puffy or rolled border. It has a steadfast texture that is immune to motion, and the surface texture frequently exhibits surface stippling. Unhealthy gum, on the other manus, is frequently conceited and mushy ( Seyedmajidi M, 2009 ) . The gingival fibres are the connective tissue fibres that inhabit the gingival tissue adjacent to the dentition and aid keep the tissue steadfastly against the dentition ( Itoiz, ME, 2002 ) . They are chiefly composed to type I collagen, although type III fibres are besides involved These fibres, unlike the fibres of the periodontic ligament, in general, attach the tooth to the gingival tissue, instead than the tooth to the alveolar bone ( Schroeder HE, 1997 ) . The gingival fibres hold the fringy gum against the tooth, supply the fringy gum with adequate rigidness to defy the forces of chew without falsifying, function to stabilise the fringy gum by unifying it with both the tissue of the more stiff affiliated gum every bit good as the cementum bed of the tooth ( Itoiz, ME, 2002 ) . There are three groups within which gingival fibres are arranged, they are dentogingival group, round group and transseptal group. The junctional epithelial tissue is that epithelial tissue which lies at the base of the gingival sulcus. It attaches to the surface of the tooth with hemidesmosomes ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . It lies instantly apical to the sulcular epithelial tissue, which lines the gingival sulcus from the base to the free gingival border, where it interfaces with the epithelial tissue of the unwritten cavity.Cells in the junctional epithelial tissue tend to hold broad inter-cellular infinites, to let the transmittal of white blood cells from blood vass to bottom of the gingival sulcus, to assist forestall disease. Damage to the junctional epithelial tissue consequences in it being irregular in texture, instead than smooth, and the formation of pocket epithelial tissue, which is a primary symptom of gingiva disease. The sulcular epithelial tissue is that epithelial tissue which lines the gingival sulcus. It is apically bounded by the junctional epithelial tissue and meets the epithelial tissue of the unwritten pit at the tallness of the free gingival border. The sulcular epithelial tissue is nonkeratinized ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . The periodontic ligament, normally abbreviated as the PDL is a group of specialised connective tissue fibres that basically attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits. These fibres help the tooth withstand the of course significant compressive forces which occur during mastication and remain embedded in the bone ( Sloan, P, 1978 ; Sloan, P, 1979 ) . Another map of the PDL is to function as a beginning of proprioception, or centripetal excitation, so that the encephalon can observe the forces being placed on the dentitions and react consequently. To accomplish this terminal, there are force per unit area sensitive receptors within the PDL which allow the encephalon to spot the sum of force being placed on a tooth during mastication, for illustration. This is of import because the open surface of the tooth, called enamel, has no such sensory receptors itself. In add-on to the PDL fibres, there is another set of fibres, known as the gingival fibres, which attach the dentitions to their next gingival tissue. Both the gingival fibres, every bit good as the PDL fibres, are composed chiefly of type I collagen ( Ten Cate, A. R, 1998 ) . The PDL is one of the four back uping tissues of a tooth, otherwise referred to as the periodontium. They are about 0.2 millimeters in breadth, and these dimensions lessening with age ( C. Kober, B, 2006 ) . As stated, the PDL fibres are composed chiefly of type I collagen, although type III fibres are besides involved. Compared to most other ligaments of the organic structure, these are extremely vascularized. The PDL fibres are categorized harmonizing to their orientation and location along the tooth, such as collagen fibres, gingival fibres, trans-septal fibres, alveolar crest fibres, horizontal fibres, oblique fibres, apical fibres, and interradicular fibres ( Quigley, M.B, 1970 ; Cohn, S.A, 1972 ; Cohn, S.A, 1972 ) . Cementum is a specialised calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root vertex. Its colour is xanthous and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized ( Jones SJ, 1972 ) . The chief function of cementen within the tooth is to function as a medium by which the periodontal ligaments can attach to the tooth for stableness. Hence, its bottom surface is tangent to the periodontic ligaments running through the jaw ( via collagen fibres ) , and the upper part of the surface is steadfastly cemented to the dentin of the tooth. It besides meets the enamel lower on the tooth at the cemento-enamel junction. Here the cementum is known as noncellular cementum due to its deficiency of cellular constituents, and screens about 1/3-1/2 of the root ( Groeneveld MC, 1994 ) . The more permeable signifier of cementen, cellular cementum, covers 1/3-1/2 of the root vertex, where it binds to the dentin. There is besides a 3rd type of cementum, afibrillar cementum, which sometimes extends onto the enamel of the tooth. The mucogingival junction is the intervention between the more apically located alveolar mucous membrane and the more coronally located affiliated gum of the air sac ( Schroeder HE, 1979 ) . There exists a mucogingival junction on all four gingival surfaces on which there exists freely impermeable alveolar mucous membrane: the facial gum of the upper jaw and both the facial and linguistic gum of the mandible. The palatine gum of the upper jaw is uninterrupted with the tissue of the roof of the mouth, which is bound down to the palatine castanetss. Because the roof of the mouth is barren of freely movable alveolar mucous membrane, there is no mucogingival junction ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . Mentions Hassell, TM. ( 1993 ) . Tissues and cells of the periodontium. Periodontol 2000 3, 9-38. Lindhe, J. , Karring, T. , and Araujo, M. ( 2008 ) . Anatomy of the periodontium. In Clinical periodontology and implant dental medicine, Lindhe, J. , Karring, T. , and Lang, N.P. 4th erectile dysfunction Blackwell Publishing Limited pp. 3- ? . Carranza s Clinical Periodontology, W.B. Saunders, 2002, 17-23. Itoiz, ME ; Carranza, FA: The Gingiva. In Newman, MG ; Takei, HH ; Carranza, FA ; editors: Carranza s Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2002. 26-7. Jan Lindhe, Niklaus P. Lang, and Thorkild Karring Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Wiley-Blackwell ; 5 edition, 2008.

Description of Virgin Atlantic

Description of Virgin Atlantic Virgin Atlantic was launched in the year 1984 (Balmforth 2009). Its headquarters is situated in Crawley, United Kingdom. At the beginning, the company was dedicated to offering flight services between London and Falkland. Over time, the company has expanded into various global destinations.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Description of Virgin Atlantic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, Virgin Atlantic is one of the biggest companies in the United Kingdom in terms of market value. The company has succeeded in offering high quality services to millions of passengers at lower prices. The services are considered among the most competitive in the airline industry. In the last few years, the company has enjoyed financial success. In the proposal paper below, the company is analysed with respect to its HRM practices of employee involvement and employee engagement. The company has been chosen in the proposal bec ause of its past successes. As such, successful companies have become prosperous and competitive by adopting appropriate HRM practices of employee involvement and employee engagement (Armstrong Taylor 2014). The practices enable the company to be effective and innovative irrespective of how the economy is performing. Given that Virgin Atlantic has recorded successful business performance in the past few years, the company must have enhanced the practices in a bid to remain competitive in the global markets. By analysing the company, the exact elements that enhance employee engagement in organisations will be established (Boxall Purcell 2012). The study will also reveal HR practices that can boost employee engagement in organisations. Airline services are lucrative ventures. However, with increased competition and operation costs a number of airline companies have recorded poor business performances. The affected companies may recover, stagnate, or close down depending on the strat egy adopted in such tough situations.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With respect to Virgin Atlantic, they are required to enhance their employee involvement and engagement practices to remain competitive in the global market. Employee involvement and engagement practices are of relevance and interest to Virgin Atlantic for a number of reasons. In the future, the airline industry is expected to face intense competition from new rivals (Gregory 2014). New rivals in the industry have designed low-cost services that are attractive to clients. Similarly, new state airlines such as Air Emirates have increased competition for long-haul services. Apart from competition challenge, it should be noted that Virgin Atlantic, just like any other global airline company, is susceptible to outside shocks. Threats such as terrorist assaults and the outbreak of Ebola diseases ca n affect the company’s business performance because its flight to some destination will be limited. Therefore, to maximize profits in an era of increased competition and external threats, the company has no other option but to adopt employee involvement and engagement practices. Globally, all human resource managers agree that employee involvement and engagement are beneficial to organizations. The practices have been associated with a number of optimistic results at the personal and structural levels. Involved and engaged workers offer increased performance, lesser nonattendance, lower turnover, and increased customer services. By adopting the appropriate employee engagement and involvement practices, Virgin Atlantic will record optimistic results with respect to job performance. Through this, the company will be able to enhance its productivity by ensuring that the clients are satisfied. The approach would enable the company to gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Si milarly, the practices enable workers to come up with their own resources leading to enhanced engagement and an optimistic gain spiral.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Description of Virgin Atlantic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the above practices of relevance and of interest to Virgin Atlantic because they will aid in lessening employee turnover. It is a fact that engaged and involved workers accomplish their tasks better compared with non-involved and non-engaged employee. In companies where employees are non-engaged, the turnover is high. In companies where employees are engaged, the turnover is low and the workers are more occupied in their responsibilities (Rayner 2009). Therefore, Virgin Atlantic should enhance the practices to help its employees to be more productive and have a positive perspective about their task to lessen the turnover. Employee engagement and employee involvement have r isen to be common terminologies among human resource managers. However, the terminologies have been defined in numerous ways. Bratton suggests that engagement in a number of ways can be referred to as individual engagement, occupational engagement, professional engagement, or worker engagement (Bratton Good 2012). Kahn pioneered the idea of engagement (Daniels, Davis, Shipton 2008). He identified individual engagement as the coupling of workers’ personalities to their professional responsibilities. Through engagement, individuals express themselves bodily, cognitively, and enthusiastically in the course of carrying out their responsibilities. In contrast, Marchington notes that individual disengagement is the disconnection of personalities from professional responsibilities (Marchington Wilkinson 2012). Through disengagement, individuals pull out and shield themselves bodily, cognitively, or fervently when performing their responsibilities.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Henderson suggests that three mental situations necessary for engagement are emotional significance, emotional safety, and emotional accessibility (Henderson 2011). Emotional significance refers to a sense of profit on investment of personality in role routines. Emotional safety refers to a feeling of being able to display and use personality without fear of undesirable penalties to self-esteem, position, or occupation. On the other hand, emotional availability refers to a feeling of having the bodily, emotional, and mental resources essential for investing personality in role routines. Rayer indicates that all human resource managers agree that employee involvement and engagement are beneficial to organizations (Rayer Adam-Smith 2009). The practices have been associated with a number of optimistic results at the personal and structural levels. Involved and engaged workers offer increased performance, lesser nonattendance, lower turnover, and increased customer services. Rayer sugg ests that employee engagement and involvement practices are known to boots innovative work culture. Satisfied employees are more innovative than non-satisfied employees are, therefore the approach should be enhanced in the company to boost employee satisfaction and innovation. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S 2014, Armstrongs handbook of human resource management practice, 13th ed, Kogan Page, London. Balmforth, J 2009, Virgin Atlantic. Midland, Hersham. Boxall, P., Purcell, J 2012, Strategy and human resource management , 4th ed, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire. Bratton, J., Good, J 2012, Human resource management theory and practice, 5th ed, Palgrave MacMillian, Hampshire Daniels, K., Davis, A., Shipton, H 2008, Strategic HRM: Building research based practice, Aston Centre for Human Resources, London. Gregory, M 2014, Dirty tricks: British Airways secret war against Virgin Atlantic, Virgin, London. Henderson, I 2011, Human resource management for MBA students, Chartered Insti tute of Personnel and Development, London. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A 2012, Human resource management at work: People management and development , 5th ed, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Rayer, D., Adam-Smith, D 2009, Managing Leading People, McGraw Hill, London. Rayner, C 2009, Managing and leading people, 2nd ed, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London.

Virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virtue - Essay Example However, the systems of virtue I most identify with in Iliad are the heroism that foregrounds the warriors’ courage and strong determination to fight the enemy and restore order and justice in their territories. Moreover, this system of virtue is also found in Beowulf and Jeffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. This critic elaborates on the issue of virtue: â€Å"Aristotle’s picture of a virtuous person is one who does the right action resulting from his own inclination; if one’s inclination is pushing in the direction opposite that of doing the right thing, it would be a sign of lacking moral virtue or the presence of weakness of will† (Yan). Aristotle’s focus on the willingness to do good actions demonstrates that this aspect represents an important part of virtue that is also based on moral standards. Homer’s Iliad portrays throughout the whole poem different forms of virtues that reflect the cultural realities of the Greek. However, th e virtue I most identify with in the text represents the warriors’ courage and strong determination to fight in order to defend their nation despite the difficult conditions they face. Their high understanding of their duty and the sacrifices they make while facing ferocious enemies, hostile environment and weather and even sometimes angry gods explain their virtuous nature. This critic observes: â€Å"The warriors in the Iliad display a kind of morality, despite its dissimilarities to some modern notions of morality. Their behaviour is guided by the heroic code of glory and shame. Simplistically stated, a warrior’s worth is defined by his ability to fight in battle, in which victory brings fame and glory and defeat brings dishonour and shame† (Yan). Indeed, heroism constitutes a true virtue in the Greek society which Homer successfully depicts in the poem as both Trojans and Achaeans fight for their honor. This statement exposes Achilles’ talent as a sol dier and the fate he reserves his enemies: â€Å"Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another† (Homer 1). This recognition of his skills as a warrior reflects a deep understanding of his duty and a strong determination to win and overcome his enemies. Besides, another example of heroism depicted in Iliad constitutes Achilles’ decision to resume war after the brutal killing of his friend Patroclus. Even though Achilles has a deep understanding of his duty, the argument he had with Agamemnon led him to stop fighting in order to express his anger and disagreement. However, his warrior spirit takes over any frustration he had when he lost his friend. He, therefo re, regains immediately his fierceness and determination to exterminate the Trojan army. This new motivation led to the killing of many of his opponents including, the brave Hector. The narrator describes: â€Å"Achilles came up to him as it were Mars himself, plumed lord of battle. From his right shoulder he brandished his terrible spear of Pelian ash, and the bronze gleamed around him like flashing fire or the rays of the rising sun. Fear fell upon Hector as he beheld him, and he dared not stay longer where he

Canadas Involvement in Defeating the Apartheid System Essay

Canadas Involvement in Defeating the Apartheid System - Essay Example It became more apparent when the South African government implemented the apartheid system. The series of events demonstrating the evil effects of the brutal policy had caught the attention of powerful and rich countries like United States and Canada. Together with the other concerned states, the Canadian government extended social, political, and economic support to the black people in South Africa. With its heterogeneous population, Canada was considered to have an essential role in thwarting the principles advanced by the apartheid system. The Apartheid System and its Justification The apartheid system refers to â€Å"the separation of races† in almost every aspect of life (Edwards n. pag.). Under this system, there is segregation with regard to the following: (1) education (2) medical care (3) transportation (4) housing (5) employment (6) voting and (7) public accommodation (Edwards). Its main thrust is to prevent the other races from enjoying the areas of life which are only meant for the white race. In the eyes of the minority white government, the implementation of the Apartheid policy is a necessary precondition in attaining a good political structure. The government believes that this objective is only achievable if there will be peace throughout the South African community. For the minority white, a peaceful co-existence will only truly happen if there would be separation of races (Edwards n. pag.). For them, there should be social, political, and economic segregation between the different races in South Africa. It would seem that the ruling whites are irritated and disgusted with the presence of dark-skinned individuals within the South African community. Apparently, the government uses the physical attributes of the blacks as an excuse to its inefficient delivery of essential public services. For the white leaders, good governance would mean racial segregation. In such case, it is their belief that a smooth flow of interaction between the various agencies of the government would only be feasible through the apartheid system. This is buttressed by the fact that the whites are the dominant race in South Africa when the apartheid policy was introduced in 1948 (â€Å"Apartheid Era†). Canadian Diplomacy It is a generally accepted principle in international law that if a certain issue is of national scope, the other nations are not supposed to interfere with the subject state. However, in actuality, there are national issues which need a worldwide intervention; the apartheid in South Africa is a good example. When the apartheid policy of the South African government became a global issue, many states extended their support as in the case of Canada. Just like the other concerned states, the Canadian government also tried diplomacy to defeat the apartheid system. Diplomacy, as an art of dialogue and negotiation, was used by Canada to gain support from the other states and weaken the government of South Africa (â€Å"Diplomacy†). The negotiation effort was personally handled by the country’s Prime Minister, Martin Brian Mulroney. Canada, represented by Mulroney, vigorously advanced the situation in South Africa within the Commonwealth of Nations; in turn, the organization supported Mulroney’s conviction and imposed a new condition for membership -- a state must at all times respect racial equality (â€Å"Canada’s Role†). Nevertheless, with such condition at hand, the South African government still did not dismantle the apartheid. Instead, it left the Commonwealth in 1961 and became a republic (â€Å"United States†

Bones a book by Fae Myenne Ng Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bones a book by Fae Myenne Ng - Essay Example It tells the story of the American dream seen from the perspective of a Chinese girl. As the focal point encircles around the question whether Leila is a reliable narrator or not it becomes important to understand the true meaning of reliability in literature. In literature a 'reliable narrator' is a character who presents the characterization in a manner that could be identified with. However, a 'reliable narrator' must always stick to historical facts and there should never be factual errors in that aspect. Characters can be made up but the background of the time and society should never be tampered. Leila is reliable in that context and definitely a 'reliable narrator'. Leila narrates her life with her family and about her surroundings along with a believable description of the socio cultural pressure of being successful within the parameters of the society with wider perspectives of American livelihood. The novel starts with the sentence mentioning that "we were a family of three girls. By Chinese standards, that wasn't lucky. In Chinatown, everyone knew our story. Outsiders jerked their chins, looked at us, shook their heads. We heard things." (Ng, 1) This can be enumerated as a definite example that depicts the socio cultural aspects of the Chinese born population where the society is dominated by the male heirs of the family.

Human Resource Planning Paper Assignment Animation Essay

Human Resource Planning Paper Assignment Animation Essay Human Resource planning is a process of developing the strategies of skills of the employees to reach the organizational needs. The role of the Human Resource Planning in a organization is to recruit the right person for right work, and work to meet organizational objectives and make the employees to respond to changes that made in the organization as well as changes made in the outside of the organization. Training and retraining strategies are also including in the Human Resource Planning Process. Most of the organization wants Human Resource Planning Systems which is simple to understand, where the assumptions that can modified, also which are not take long time. To run such systems organization needs good monitoring action processes, approximate demand models, and an understanding how the resource that works in that organization. Human Resource Activities: Staffing: Attract the best Professional and Technical talents which are really organization needs to reach the organization Objectives. Compensation: To attract that needed talent they should set and give the good salary that will meet or some extra of market rates. Training and Development: This is the important activity of the Human Resource Team. HR activity is to tell employees about the skill requirements that needed to reach the organization goals and start giving the training needed to improve the skills of the employees in their particular fields. Employee Relation: Maintaining the good relation between the all employees is very important and to maintain that relation HR has to set Some Basic Employee relation Rules of organization. I have chosen Vodafone Company to Discuss about Human Resource Planning In this paper. The Role of the Human Resource Planning Team is to create a plan of action to supply the demand. The main 4 steps of the Human Resource Planning Team is to Set Objectives Generate Alternatives Assess Alternatives Choose Alternative ABOUT VODAFONE Vodafone is one of the worlds leading company in mobile telecommunication, with a great presence in Asia, Europe, and the United States. Vodafone is an truly international mobile network company with having more than 260 million customers across the 2 markets and also partner networks in 42 more countries. In the United States this group operates as Verizon Wireless. Vodafone is 1st in UK and 11th globally in the Brands most powerful brands ranking. VODAFONE OVER THE YEARS Vodafone was started in 1984 under the name of Racal Electronics Plc. After in September 1991 it is demerged from the Racal Electronics Plc and changed the name to Vodafone Group Plc. Again after merging with the AirTouch Communications, Inc., Vodafone Changed its name to Vodafone AirTouch Plc on 29 June 1999. On 28 July 2000 it changed to the former name Vodafone Group Plc. KEY MILESTONES OF VODAFONE In January 2007 Vodafone reaches their number of customers to 200 million. In March 2006 Vodafone customers with 3G is reached to 10 million. In 2004 Vodafone launches their first 3G service in Europe. In 2002 Vodafone starts global mobile payment in Germany. This helps customers to buy goods by using the Vodafone mobile. Also in 2002 only Vodafone Starts the GPRS roaming Service, it helps customers to access e-mails on their phone. In 2001 Vodafone Introduces SMS. Vodafone makes the first 3G roaming call in world in between Japan and Spain. The role of the mobile phone in the society has changed tremendously over the years. Vodafone is having 1,150 directly owned stores, which sell services to new customers upgrade or renew for existing customers and also Vodafone having 6,500 branded stores, which sell Vodafones products and services exclusively. And also Vodafone is planning to open 90 more stores in Spain and 21 more stores in Romania during this year. Mission Statement/Statement of Values Vision and Values Our Vision and Values guide the way we act. Our Vision To be the worlds mobile communication leader enriching our customers lives through the unique power of mobile communications. Our Values Our Values are about the way we do things. They describe the way Vodafone people are expected to behave within the business, to help turn our vision to reality. Passion for customers: Our customers have chosen to trust us. In return, we must strive to anticipate and understand their needs and delight them with our service. Passion for our people: Outstanding people working together make Vodafone exceptionally successful. Passion for results: We are action-oriented and driven by a desire to be the best. Passion for the world around us: We will help the people of the world to have fuller lives both through the services we provide and through the impact we have on the world around us (csr globe). In Vodafone they are providing very good training for their employees to reach their Goals. The few tasks of the HR Training Developer in Vodafone are: Perform development, of training materials and user documentation within HR Perform delivery of super user/train the trainer/end user sessions Produce training needs analysis as required for HR Owner of the Finance element of the core training library Liaison with transformation, and the transition team (vodafone careers). For the Excellent HR Initiative Award Vodafone Malta has been selected by the Foundation for Human Resources Development. This award tells that the companys encouragement for employees towards their career growth and as well as companys growth. And it tells about the good training that Vodafone is providing to their employees to reach the organization goals. Vodafone conducts the Performance Management Process to rate the employees. Calibration is an important step in the Performance Management Process to rate the employees in a fair throughout the organization. Martin Gregory, Vodafone Malta Head of Human Resources, said: Our people have a big impact on how we perform as a business and on our success. We are proud to be recognized by the Foundation for Human Resources Development for our accomplishments in this area. Matthew Brearley, Director of HR, Comms Property for Vodafone Ltd talks about building staff momentum and leading through budget cuts in this most modern of giants. Matthew Brearley was appointed UK HR Director at Vodafone in 2006 having previously worked at British Foods, BQ and Marks and Spencer. At MS Matthew Brearleys role involved overseeing the People Strategy and transformation of HR for a workforce of 57,000 employees across 320 stores.Matthew is currently applying his skills and experience to drive performance and efficiencies at Vodafone. Matthew Brearley holds a key role on the UK board working closely with Vodafones UK CEO Nick Read. Matthew Brearleyis truly focussed on HR at the heart of business, how Vodafone must drive through change in an increasingly tight economy, and the critical role of leaders (meettheboss, 2009). The purpose of the HR function in Vodafone is they take the real company strategy and its bring into the live organization to the people to build the capabilities and creating the environment and culture. The main Steps in the Human Resource Planning are Forecasting, Inventory, and audit. Short-Term Human Resource Planning Many I/O psychologists work on activities related to designing and implementing programs (e.g., recruitment, selection systems, and training programs) to meet shortterm organizational needs. Such activities generally involve an element of planning in that they are future-oriented to some extent. Even projects for which objectives are expected to be achieved in as little time as a few months have, ideally, been designed with an understanding of how the short-term objectives are linked to the achievement of longer term objectives. For example, an aeronautics company engaged in a recruitment campaign to hire 100 engineers should have a clear understanding of how this hiring goal will help the company achieve long-term goals such as becoming the worlds most innovative company in that industry. This hypothetical company also might have a college recruiting drive designed to find 75 college graduates to enter a trainingprogram in recognition of the fact that a growing company needs to prepare for the middle managers it will need 5 to 7 years hence, as well as the top level managers it will need in 10 to 15 years. As this hypothetical example highlights, in order for a clear linkage to exist between human resource planning and strategic business planning, it is essential that an organizations top executives have a fully articulated vision for the future, which has been communicated and accepted by managers throughout the organization. Long-Term Human Resource Planning: Increasingly, long-term human resource planning (for beyond three years) is becoming critical to the effective functioning of organizations. The rapidly changing and highly competitive worldwide marketplace is causing firms to turn to their human resources for survival and competitiveness. Because there is a greater understanding that an organizations work force cannot be turned around on a dime, long-term human resource planning is gaining currency. It is an activity that demands integration of the skills and knowledge of the human resource planner and all the other executives responsible for strategic planning. Although there are many types of long-term planning efforts, we use succession planning as our primary example of the process (HRPlanning pdf).

The Impact of Slavery on Black Women Essay -- Slavery Essays

The Impact of Slavery on Black Women â€Å"Only by experience can any one realize how deep, and dark, and foul is that pit of abominations.† (Jacobs, 120). These words are spoken by Harriet Jacobs (also known as Linda Brent) and after reading about her life experience as a slave, I have come to believe that slavery was far worse for women than it ever was for men. Jacobs never states that black slave men had it easy during the slave years, in fact she tells a few stories about how some slave men were beaten. She also tells about the life experience of a slave girl, herself. Her own experiences made me feel blessed that I was never born as a black woman during the time of slavery. I do not think that I would have been strong enough to endure such times. Let’s begin with the living conditions and the rights and honor of a slave, male or female. First of all, slaves were given one pair of shoes, two pairs of pants, and maybe one shirt that was to last them for at least a year. Most of the time, their shoes were used or old shoes. Once their shoes got holes and wore down, they wore nothing on their bare feet, even through the winter times. When it came to rights, no black slave had any rights. When I say any, I mean none. Just to name a few; they, and this was for women too, had no right to protect their families, marry who they wish, or own any property. Black men were considered to have no honor. Having honor was something that the Elite white men believed that only they could possess Honor in their eyes of the white man was represented by a dual. If you were a black slave, you could not defend yourself or your family because according to the whites, slaves and women had no honor. If they even thought about proving themse lves, which was rare, they were either whipped or killed by their Masters. Slaves were not looked at as men. They were looked as property, nothing but a working tool. The physical torture that a slave went through was not based on how they were treated in regards to work, but on how they were punished. Most of the time they were beat with a whip made from cow hide, until they bled. They would whip the slaves until the overseer (the person who watched over the slaves) was tired. Other times, slaves were not so lucky. For example, Frederick Douglas, an American slave, told a story that went like this. (Douglas, 34 & 35) â€Å"Mr. Gore on... ...tress would convince her husband to sell the child. Women were also denied the right to marry because the Mistress did not want the slave to take time away from tending or nursing her white children so that they could take care of their own baby. Hopefully I have explained enough of what I have learned about slavery to make you understand the injustice treatments that the black slaves had to endure. When I look back at what I have learned in these readings, I remind myself how lucky we are. We are able to marry who we want, keep our children, and have the right to be respected as a person. Today people whose children are abducted go through probably an unimaginable devastation, and slaves back then were expected to continue life as if nothing happened. It is very sad. Slave men did suffer but in my opinion, women by far had it the worst. Works Cited Douglas, Frederick, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. New York: Random House, Inc., 2000. Evans, Sara M., Born for Liberty. New York: First Free Press, 1997. Jacobs, Harriet, Incidents in the Life of A Slave Girl. New York: Random House, Inc., 2000.

DOZIER industri Essay

Richard Rothschild, the chief financial officer of Dozier Industries, returned to his office after meeting with two officers of Southeastern National Bank. He had requested the meeting to discuss financial issues related to Dozier’s first major international sales contract, which had been confirmed the previous day, January 13, 1986. Initially, Rothschild had contacted Robert Leigh, a vice president of the bank, who had primary responsibilities for Dozier’s business with Southeastern National. Leigh, feeling that he lacked the international expertise to answer all the questions Rothschild might raise, had suggested that John Gunn of the bank’s International Division be included. The meeting had focused on the exchange risk related to the new sales contract. Dozier’s bid of (British pounds) GBP1.175 million to install an internal security system for a large manufacturing firm in the United Kingdom had been accepted. In accordance with the contract, the British firm had transferred a 10% deposit (GBP117,500), the balance due when the system was completed. Dozier’s production vice president, Mike Miles, had assured Rothschild that there would be no difficulty in completing the project within the 90-day period stipulated in the bid. As a result, Rothschild was planning on receiving GBP1.0575 million on April 14, 1986. Company History Dozier Industries, a relatively young firm specializing in electronic security systems, was established in 1973 by Charles L. Dozier, who was still president and the owner of 78% of the stock. The remaining 22% was held by other members of management. Dozier had formerly been a design engineer for a large electronics firm. In 1973 he began his own company to market security systems and began by concentrating on military sales. The company experienced rapid growth for almost a decade. But in 1982, as Dozier faced increased competition in this market, management attempted to branch out to design systems for small private firms and households. Dozier’s  inexperience in this market, combined with poor planning efforts, slowed sales growth and led to a severe reduction in profits (see Exhibit 1). The company shifted its focus to larger corporations and met with better success. In 1985, the company showed a profit for the first time in three years, and management was This case was prepared by Professor Mark R. Eaker. It was written as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 1986 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to sales@dardenbusinesspublishing.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation. ââ€"ŠÂ  confident that the company had turned the corner. Exhibit 2 contains the balance sheet at the end of 1985. The company’s management believed that sales to foreign corporations represented good prospects for future growth. Consequently, in the spring of 1985, Dozier had launched a marketing effort overseas. The selling effort had not met with much success until the confirmation of the contract discussed previously. The new sales contract, although large in itself, had the potential of being expanded in the future because the company involved was a large multinational firm with manufacturing facilities in many countries. Foreign Exchange Risk and Hedging On January 13, the day the bid was accepted, the value of the pound was (U.S. dollars) USD1.4480. But the pound had weakened over the previous six weeks  (see Exhibit 5). Rothschild was concerned that the value of the pound might depreciate even further during the next 90 days, and it was this worry that prompted his discussion at the bank. He wanted to find out what techniques were available to Dozier to reduce the exchange risk created by the outstanding pound receivable. Gunn, the international specialist, had explained that Rothschild had several alternatives. First, of course, he could do nothing. This would leave Dozier vulnerable to pound fluctuations, which would entail losses if the pound depreciated, or gains if it appreciated versus the dollar. On the other hand, Rothschild could choose to hedge his exchange risk. Gunn explained that a hedge involved taking a position opposite to the one that was creating the foreign exchange exposure. This could be accomplished either by engaging in a forward contract or via a spot transaction. Since Dozier had an outstanding pound receivable, the appropriate hedging transactions would be to sell pounds forward 90 days or to secure a 90-day pound loan. By selling pounds forward, Dozier would incur an obligation to deliver pounds 90 days from now at the rate established today. This would ensure that Dozier would receive a set dollar value for its pound receivable, regardless of the spot rate that existed in t he future. The spot hedge worked similarly in that it also created a pound obligation 90 days hence. Dozier would borrow pounds and exchange the proceeds into dollars at the spot rate. On April 13, Dozier would use its pound receipts to repay the loan. Any gains or losses on the receivable due to a change in the value of the pound would be offset by equivalent losses or gains on the loan payment. Leigh assured Rothschild that Southeastern National would be able to assist Dozier in implementing whatever decision Rothschild made. Dozier had a USD3 million line of credit with Southeastern National. John Gunn indicated that there would be no difficulty for Southeastern to arrange the pound loan for Dozier through its correspondent bank in London. He believed that such a loan would be at 1.5% above the U.K. prime rate. In order to assist Rothschild in making his  decision, Gunn provided him with information on interest rates, spot and forward exchange rates, as well as historical and forecasted information on the pound (see Exhibits 4, 5, and 6). Rothschild was aware that in preparing the bid, Dozier had allowed for a profit margin of only 6% in order to increase the likelihood of winning the bid and, hence, developing an important foreign contact. The bid was submitted on December 3, 1985. In arriving at the bid, the company had estimated the cost of the project, added an amount as profit, but kept in mind the highest bid that could conceivably win the contract. The calculations were made in dollars and then converted to pounds at the spot rate existing on December 3 (see Exhibit 3), since the U.K. company had stipulated payment in pounds. Rothschild realized that the amount involved in the contract was such that an adverse move in the pound exchange rate could put Dozier in a loss position for 1986 if the transactions were left unhedged. On the other hand, he also became aware of the fact that hedging had its own costs. Still, a decision had to be made. He knew that no action implied that an unhedged position was the best alternative for the company. Exhibit 1 DOZIER INDUSTRIES (A) Sales and Income Summary Year Ended December 31 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Sales (in thousands) 456 631 890 1,610 3,860 7,242 11,338 15,138 20,371 21,455 22,501 23,986 25,462 Net Income (in thousands) 41 54 73 151 324 760 1,162 1,488 1,925 712 (242) (36) 309 Exhibit 2 DOZIER INDUSTRIES (A) Balance Sheet as of December 31, 1985 Assets Current assets: Cash and securities Accounts receivable Inventories Total current assets Properties, plants, and equipment: At cost Less: Accumulated depreciation Net plant Other assets: Investments and loans Total assets Liabilities and Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Notes payable – bank Total current liabilities Long-term liabilities: Notes payable Common equity: Common stock Reserves Retained earnings Total equity Total liabilities and equity USD294,572 1,719,494 2,227,066 4,241,132 8,429,812 2,633,404 5,796,408 450,000 USD10,487,540 934,582 652,800 1,587,382 550,000 2,253,410 627,244 5,469,504 8,350,158 USD10,487,540 Exhibit 3 DOZIER INDUSTRIES (A) Bid Preparation Materials Direct labor Shipping USD847,061 416,820 70,000 Direct overhead* 208,410 Allocation of indirect overhead 100,492 Total cost Profit factor 1,642,783 USD98,567 Spot pound rate on December 3: USD1.4820 Pound value of the bid: GBP1,175,000 * Based on 50% of direct labor. Exhibit 4 DOZIER INDUSTRIES (A) Interest and Exchange Rate Comparisons January 14, 1986 Three-month money* Prime lending rate Three-month deposits (large amounts) EUR/USD 3-month (LIBOR) EUR/USD 3-month (Paris) 3-month treasury bills in London United States United Kingdom 7.65 13.41 9.50 13.50 8.00 12.90 8.3 13.2 12.2 The spot rate for the pound: USD1.4370 Three-month forward pound: USD1.4198 * Prime commercial paper in the United States; Interbank rates in the United Kingdom. Source: The Economist. Exhibit 5 DOZIER INDUSTRIES (A) Historical Spot and Forward Pound Rates in U.S. Dollars 7/9/85 7/16 7/23 7/30 8/6 8/13 8/20 8/27 9/4 9/10 9/17 9/24 10/1 10/8 10/15 10/22 10/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/10 12/17 12/23 12/30 1/7/86 1/14/86 Spot 1.3640 1.3880 1.4090 1.4170 1.3405 1.3940 1.3900 1.3940 1.3665 1.3065 1.3330 1.4200 1.4120 1.4155 1.4120 1.4290 1.4390 1.4315 1.4158 1.4320 1.4750 1.4820 1.4338 1.4380 1.4245 1.4390 1.4420 1.4370 Source: Chicago Mercantile Exchange Statistical Yearbook. 3-Month Forward Rate 1.3490 1.3744 1.3963 1.4067 1.3296 1.3828 1.3784 1.3817 1.3553 1.2960 1.3226 1.4089 1.4005 1.4039 1.4007 1.4171 1.4270 1.4194 1.4037 1.4200 1.4628 1.4704 1.4214 1.4249 1.4114 1.4260 1.4284 1.4198

New England DBQ essays

New England DBQ essays Even though the New England and Chesapeake regions were settled by people from the same country, they developed into very different societies because their original settlers were tremendously diverse. The Chesapeake region inclined more towards work and business, while the New England region was very family oriented. While the emigrants to the Chesapeake region came for financial reasons, the Puritans came to New England to run from religious persecution. And finally, the Chesapeake area was very unstable and under conflict while the North maintained law and order. Emigrants to the Chesapeake settled primarily for financial reasons, and the Puritans settled the New England area for religious matters. As we know, the Puritans originally settled in the Mass. Bay Area Colony and believed they were on a mission from God. God almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath disposed...we must knit together in this and work as one man (doc. A). The Puritans believed that they were an example for the rest of the world and that the eyes of all people are upon us. Emigrants to the Chesapeake region moved for financial reasons, most likely being young, indentured servants. Some of them believed that there was a treasure of gold in the colonies. They dug gold, washed gold, refined old, and loaded gold (doc. F). The emigrants were usually young, around ages 19-30 (doc. C) looking for a means of financial gain. Moving on, the Puritans of the New England area usually came to the New World with their entire families, while emigrants to the Chesapeake region were single, mostly young men. The Puritans hoped to establish communities in New England, thus they brought along their whole family. Joseph Hull, a minister, brought along his wife, 7 kids, and servants to the New World (doc. B). These people literally dug out their roots and planted them in the New World. On the other hand, emigrants to the Chesapeake region came to the bi...

Free Essays on Cogito

Descartes Meditations Descartes ¡Ã‚ ¯ Cogito Ergo Sum(I am, I exist) argument is a complex one. In many ways, he constructs a convincing argument for the existence of the self, and for the process of the thinking being, the essence of that self. In this meditation on his philosophy, Descartes on numerous attempts tries to convince both the readers, as well as himself, of his theory that we must reject all of our present ideas and beliefs and start from nothing. He believes that the only thing that has any certainty at this point is his own existence as a thinking being? Everything else, which he has learned throughout his entire life and believed in, is to be thrown out because it is not known clearly and distinctly. Descartes method and theory on knowledge was well planned and carefully thought out. It is evident that he spent a great deal of time determining the principles that he would use as determinants for judging whether a specific idea was justified and true. In my opinion, there are some flaws contained in Descartes ¡Ã‚ ¯ argument. Among these flaws are Descartes apparent determination to prove his theory on his individual existence in the world and the existence of G-d to backup and prove himself and his theories. At the beginning of meditation two, Descartes is stuck in the middle of nothingness. He has nothing, nothing to believe in and everything around him he regards as false. This is because he cannot believe what he has learned and he is also unable to trust his senses due to the fact that they deceive him. He feels like he is drowning in a whirlpool and cannot reach the top and get out nor can he put his feet on the bottom and stand? Everything in the world at this point he has called into doubt, including himself. Everything that he has ever seen, learned or thought is now external from what he deems to be true and he is beginning his knowledge from non-existence. Descartes although is certain of one thing, nothing (but to... Free Essays on Cogito Free Essays on Cogito Descartes Meditations Descartes ¡Ã‚ ¯ Cogito Ergo Sum(I am, I exist) argument is a complex one. In many ways, he constructs a convincing argument for the existence of the self, and for the process of the thinking being, the essence of that self. In this meditation on his philosophy, Descartes on numerous attempts tries to convince both the readers, as well as himself, of his theory that we must reject all of our present ideas and beliefs and start from nothing. He believes that the only thing that has any certainty at this point is his own existence as a thinking being? Everything else, which he has learned throughout his entire life and believed in, is to be thrown out because it is not known clearly and distinctly. Descartes method and theory on knowledge was well planned and carefully thought out. It is evident that he spent a great deal of time determining the principles that he would use as determinants for judging whether a specific idea was justified and true. In my opinion, there are some flaws contained in Descartes ¡Ã‚ ¯ argument. Among these flaws are Descartes apparent determination to prove his theory on his individual existence in the world and the existence of G-d to backup and prove himself and his theories. At the beginning of meditation two, Descartes is stuck in the middle of nothingness. He has nothing, nothing to believe in and everything around him he regards as false. This is because he cannot believe what he has learned and he is also unable to trust his senses due to the fact that they deceive him. He feels like he is drowning in a whirlpool and cannot reach the top and get out nor can he put his feet on the bottom and stand? Everything in the world at this point he has called into doubt, including himself. Everything that he has ever seen, learned or thought is now external from what he deems to be true and he is beginning his knowledge from non-existence. Descartes although is certain of one thing, nothing (but to...

The Dual Nature of Hinduism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dual Nature of Hinduism - Research Paper Example There is probably no more pertinent example of Hinduism’s singular nature than its well-known caste system. The four levels of Indian society, which have their origins in ancient Vedic literature, have often been regarded as a written manifestation of the enforced stratification of Indian society by the Aryans, the theocratic invaders whose military prowess enabled them to conquer the subcontinent about 1500 B.C. â€Å"One fourth of the Supreme Being constitutes all beings, while three fourths of Him are immortal and stand above. With the one-fourth (He) arms were made into the Kshatriya. His thighs became the Vaisya. From his feet the Sudra was born† (Rig Veda, 90). Historians generally concur that the strict social regimentation described in the Vedas was not actually created or introduced by the Aryan invaders but had existed in a somewhat less formal version prior to the conquest. Hinduism as we know it today, with its concepts of karma and samsara, grew up against this socio-cultural backdrop, with which it was suffused and which it in turn influenced. Social norms and the means whereby they are passed on are pervasive and give form to the Hindu caste system. Each caste, or varna, is sub-divided into jatis, which divide each varna into specific occupations. Social interaction among the jatis of a particular caste is regulated â€Å"through an elaborate ritual system,† which governs social behavior (Deshpande, 2010). The Vedic texts offer a rationale for classifications and rituals, â€Å"rules that are laid down concerning appropriate occupational pursuit, appropriate behavior within and between castes.

Florence Golden Age 1400-1500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Florence Golden Age 1400-1500 - Essay Example hat which is concealed in the soaring of the mind and the spiritual adventure of the soul in the birth-giving process of the revelation of a renaissance masterpiece called the city of Florence. â€Å"Florence saw itself as the ideal city state, a place where the freedom of the individual was guaranteed, and where many citizens had the right to participate in the government. In 1400 Florence was engaged in a struggle with the Duke of Milan. The Florentine people feared the loss of liberty and respect for individuals that was the pride of their Republic.Luckily for Florence, the Duke of Milan caught the plague and died in 1402. Then, between 1408 and 1414 Florence was threatened once again, this time by the King of Naples, who also died before he could successfully conquer Florence. And in 1423 the Florentine people prepared for war against the son of the Duke of Milan who had threatened them earlier. Again, luckily for Florence, the Duke was defeated in 1425. The Florentine citizens interpreted these military "victories" as signs of Gods favor and protection. They imagined themselves as the "New Rome" -- in other words, as the heirs to the Ancient Roman Republic, prepared to sacrifice for the cause of freedom and liberty. The Florentine people were very proud of their form of government in the early 15th century. A republic is, after all, a place that respects the opinions of individuals, and we know that individualism was a very important part of the Humanism that thrived in Florence in the 15th century. â€Å" [2] What signifies Florence as a subject matter is that It has been the land of birth of the genuine renaissance of Italy as well as of the European world during the dark ages, which are depicted in the area age of 1400’s. Florence, in the times of the Medicis, Machiavelli, Galileo, Leonardo Da Vinci and as well as of the times of the crusades, have all established the process of the stardom of Italy during the time of decadence in Europe. Much is observed in