Intelligent Agents Characteristics

Astute Agents Characteristics Report on Intelligent Agents System The exploration for this report was finished utilizing the different books from the library, Internet destinations and PC magazines. Presentation The employments of smart specialists inside the home and in organizations have expanded drastically throughout the years. Wise specialists are a piece of a program that completes an undertaking unaided and applies some level of insight to the assignment. As good as ever savvy operators are continually being planned and created to complete various dull and unsurprising errands. One meaning of a savvy operator, as portrayed by states â€Å"an shrewd specialist sees its condition by means of sensors and acts judiciously upon that condition with its effectors. Thus, a clever operator gets percepts each in turn and maps this percept into actions† In his book, Essentials of Management Information Systems, Kenneth Laudon portrays a keen operator as being â€Å"software programs that work out of sight to do explicit, dull and unsurprising undertakings for an individual client business or programming application†. The structure and creation of a keen specialist needs to think about various elements. This report investigates these contemplations and factors and gives and knowledge into how savvy specialists are impacting organizations and society in general. Discoveries Operator Characteristics Shrewd operators have four primary attributes: â€Å"An operator is a PC programming framework whose qualities are situatedness, self-rule, adapitvity and sociability.† Situatedness At the point when an Agent gets some type of tactile contribution from its condition, it at that point plays out certain activities that change its condition here and there. Self-rule This specialist trademark implies that an operator can act without direct intercession from people or different specialists. This sort of operator has practically unlimited oversight over it own activities and inner state. Adapitvity This operator trademark implies that it is equipped for responding deftly to changes inside its condition. It can acknowledge objective coordinated activities when proper and is additionally equipped for gaining from its own encounters, condition and association with others. Friendliness This kind of trademark implies that the specialist is equipped for associating in a shared way with different operators or people. Structure Considerations One of the most significant parts of clever specialists is the structure of the genuine operator. The operator should have the option to satisfy the undertakings that are required from it, for example to accomplish its objectives. There are four primary angles that should be thought about when planning a keen operator. Percepts This is the data that the specialist gets Activities This is the thing that the specialist needs to do or can do to accomplish its targets. Objectives This is the factor that the specialist is attempting to accomplish Condition The last perspective is the earth wherein the specialist will be working in. The earth where the specialist performs is likely the most significant viewpoint that should be considered as this influences the result of the percepts, activities and objectives. Various Approaches to Agent Design From the operator attributes and structure contemplations come four unique ways to deal with wise specialist plan. Straightforward Reflex Agents Straightforward reflex specialists are the most fundamental type of keen operator. They are moronic, direct associations among percepts and activities. Reflex Agents with Internal State Reflex specialists with interior state are like the Simple reflex operators aside from they recall the condition of nature as contained in before percepts. As the specialists sensors don't give a point by point record of the earth at each information, an impression of the earth is caught over some stretch of time that gave additional data to the operator and empowers it to give better outcomes. Objective Based Agents For an objective based specialist, the operator must know more than the present condition of the earth, they should know the full prerequisites of the objective that they are required to perform. The objective based operator joins the data of the objective with potential activities that will accomplish that objective. This may make the specialist take longer successions of potential activities before choosing the correct game-plan and whether the objective has been accomplished. Objective Based operators additionally mull over what's to come. 3.4 Utility Based Agents Utility-based operators are a definitive type of shrewd specialist and are an augmentation of the objective based operator. Utility operators think about degrees of utility and attempt to augment their own latent capacity. Utility capacities permit the specialist to recognize clashing or elective objectives and choices. The probability of progress and significance of the objective can likewise be thought about and assessed by the utility specialist; the operator would then execute suitable activity to guarantee the best alternative was chosen. Qualification between Environments Open Vs Inaccessible This condition is worried about whether the specialist can see the specific condition of the earth. In the event that the specialists sensors can give it complete access to the condition of the earth expected to pick an activity, at that point the earth is open else it is out of reach. Deterministic Vs Nondeterministic In a deterministic domain, the utilization of similar activities will deliver a similar result each time the procedure or circumstance is rehashed. In any case, in a Nondeterministic domain the ultimate result of the procedure or circumstance will be distinctive inevitably. Long winded Vs Nonepisodic In a long winded condition, ensuing scenes don't rely upon the activities that happened in past scenes, specialists in this kind of condition dont need to prepare. Specialists in Nonepisodic situations do will in general rely upon past activities that happened in past scenes and do will in general need to prepare. 4.4 Static Vs Dynamic A static domain is a situation that doesnt change and the time taken for a specialist to process an activity doesnt matter, as the earth will continue as before. A unique domain changes ceaselessly and an insightful operator must have the option to process activities rapidly before the earth changes. Discrete Vs Continuous In a discrete domain the quantity of particular percepts and activities that a specialist will get is restricted to a set sum, however in a nonstop situation the percepts and activities are boundless. Clever operators that are in an available or deterministic condition don't have to manage vulnerability. Out of reach, Nondeterministic, Nonepisodic, Dynamic, and Continuous situations are the most testing, as these are flighty conditions, different situations are increasingly steady and less unstable. The utilization of Intelligent Agents in Businesses The utilization of insightful operators has expanded drastically in the course of the last multi year, however most of individuals wouldnt mull over the procedure that they do that make their lives simpler. During the1990s, A.D.Little, an administration advisor, assessed that continuously 2000, 15 to 20 percent of all PC applications would contain canny operators. Despite the fact that this figure has expanded a significant sum with the advancement of new innovations. The utilization of astute would agents be able to can be found in each industry part inside the UK and everywhere throughout the world. The most well-known and broadly utilized operators are found inside two primary territories. The first is inside office type situations in which PCs are utilized and the second is on the World Wide Web. In the primary issue, program is the principle explanation behind specialists being utilized so broadly: Working frameworks use specialists to include email and dial up systems administration account, do aggregate administration, include/evacuate projects and gadgets and screen licenses. Spreadsheet operators offer proposals for development and can likewise mentor amateur clients. Programming advancement specialists aid routine exercises, for example, information sifting. The second and zone and presumably the biggest is the Internet. The web utilizes a wide range of sorts of operators to enable the client to discover what they are searching for. They include: Web crawlers improve your data recovery on the Internet Web acing Agents these operators make it simple to deal with a site Web Agents These operators improve the clients perusing experience. Checking Agents These specialists screen sites or explicit topics you are keen on. Shopbots These specialists permit you to analyze costs on Internet. Menial helpers these incorporate virtual pets and work area collaborators. Insightful operators can be found in a wide assortment of circumstances, the table in point 5.1 gives more instances of what specialists are able to do. Despite the fact that operators are making life simpler, it is additionally diminishing the measure of representatives expected to carry out the responsibility. A case of this would be a vehicle producing manufacturing plant. During the 1980s a great many individuals were utilized to make the vehicles yet since the presentation of apparatus that contains a savvy specialist to accomplish the tedious work, various individuals were made repetitive and the situations in which 4 5 individuals carried out the responsibility has been diminished to a couple of men and the machine. An astute operator is something that sees and acts in a conditions. A perfect specialist is one that consistently makes the move that is required to amplify its exhibition. There are an assortment of essential operator program structures. The structures differ in effectiveness, conservativeness and adaptability. The proper structure of the operator program relies upon the percepts, activities, objectives and condition. A few conditions are more requesting than others. Reflex operators react promptly to percepts, objective based specialists act with the goal that they can accomplish t

The Use of 5 Fluorouracil Pumps in Gastro-Intestinal Patients Research Paper

The Use of 5 Fluorouracil Pumps in Gastro-Intestinal Patients - Research Paper Example The creators revealed an investigation including 26 patients experiencing gastrointestinal malignant growths and other epithelial-related conditions. These subjects were managed to constant intravenous implantation of the medicine utilizing a compact siphon. From the 26 watched patients who were set under ceaseless perception, four acknowledged full reduction, another four demonstrated a fractional reaction to the treatment. From 12 of the patients, the sickness stayed stable. The reaction rate from the investigation was 33%. Twenty from the all out number indicated critical improvement as reflected from their general personal satisfaction and execution status after the treatment. The data indicated a 9.5 months middle endurance. The investigation demonstrated that proceeding with the imbuement of 5-fluorouracil brings about palliative worth, from patients experiencing gastrointestinal or other neoplasma condition, identified with epithelial starting point. In overseeing the treatmen t, the use of compact siphons makes the model savvy and a reasonable outpatient model of treatment for these patients. This paper is a review report of 5 fluorouracil (5FU) siphons as utilized on gastro-intestinal patients, representing the data given to patients and the zones of data inadequacy while regulating the treatment (Cascinu et al., 1999). Foundation data on the utilization of 5 fluorouracil (5FU) siphons The administration assessment was incited by the Forever Healthy malignant growth support, which is a disease bolster office working in the US and furthermore expanding its backings administrations and data arrangement to numerous other various areas over the world. The purposes behind endeavor the administration assessment incorporated the data holes obvious in the utilization of the model, notwithstanding the way that the region has been concentrated broadly. A case of the insufficiencies in data incorporates that imparted to the patients just as the group controlling t his treatment. A portion of the regions of data inadequacy remember the absence of information for how to control the reactions coming about because of the treatment. For example, an overdose of 5-FU brings about serious reactions, for example, neutropenia, loose bowels, and hand/foot condition. Then again, a low measurement of the drug doesn't deliver any outcomes or restorative impact. Further, there is a chance of individual restorative equalization existing between the advantages and the reactions anticipated. Subsequently, in light of comprehension of the normal advantages and the impacts of this treatment on the clients, the association saw that there is a need to offer more data to the patients. In view of the better data, they will settle on better choice and increasingly legitimate decisions when utilizing the administration, instead of the present use †which might be influenced by the absence of extensive data. In view of the data conveyed to the clients, more data on the individual-based utilization of the treatment, just as the advantage dangers balance, more regions of data will be revealed, prompting better outcomes from the treatment. For example, more data on the use of the regulated dose contingent upon the body qualities of the patients will be vital to the use of the treatment.

Aaaah! 8 Horror Writing Tips That Will Keep Your Readers up at Night

Aaaah! 8 Horror Writing Tips That Will Keep Your Readers up at Night Would you like to know how to build the kind of horror and suspense into your writing that keeps readers turning pages? In this video, I discuss eight tips for making that happen. Whether you are writing a book in the horror or mystery genres, or simply want to increase the tension in your story, these tips will help you craft fear and engage readers in its most primal, powerful pull.Heres a brief recap of the tips covered in this video:First, take the time to let your reader get to know your characters. When they are emotionally invested, the fear is more palpable.Second, you should try to establish the familiar.Third, try a little subtle foreshadowing.Fourth, consider pacing.Fifth, you should tap into your readers imagination.Sixth, suffocate with tight spaces. Many people are born with an innate fear of closed-in spaces.Seventh, think like a child. Children experience fear on a much more visceral level than adults.Eighth, disorient reality. Losing our grasp on reality is a fear wi thin itself.Check out our free character sketch template or look at the Gotham Character Questionnaire for additonal help.

U-Shaped Kitchen Layout Overview

The U-shaped kitchen layout was developed based on decades of ergonomic research. Its useful and versatile, and while it can be adapted to any size kitchen, its most effective in larger spaces.   The configuration of U-shaped kitchens can vary according to the house size and the homeowners personal preference, but generally, youll find the cleaning zone (sink, dishwasher) on the external-facing wall, which sits in the lower curve or bottom of the U. The stove and oven typically will be located on one leg of the U, along with cabinets, drawers and other storage units. And usually,   youll find more cabinets, the refrigerator and other food storage areas like a pantry on the opposite wall.   Benefits of U-Shaped Kitchens A U-shaped kitchen typically has separate work zones for food prep, cooking, cleaning and in eat-in kitchens, a dining area.   Most U-shaped kitchens are configured with three adjacent walls, as opposed to other kitchen designs such as L-shaped or galley, which only use two walls. While both of these other designs have their pluses, ultimately a U-shaped kitchen provides the most counter space for work areas and storage of countertop appliances. A significant benefit of the U-shaped kitchen is the safety factor. The design doesnt allow for through traffic that might disrupt the work zones. Not only does this make the food prep and cooking process less chaotic, but it also helps prevent safety mishaps like spills. U-Shaped Kitchen Drawbacks While it has its advantages, the U-shaped kitchen does have its share of minuses, too. For the most part, its not efficient unless theres room in the center of the kitchen for an island. Without this feature, the two legs of the U may be too far apart to be practical.   And while its possible to have a U shape in a smaller kitchen, for it to be most efficient, the U-shaped kitchen needs to be at least 10 feet wide. Often in a U-shaped kitchen, the bottom corner cabinets can be difficult to access (although this may be remedied by using them to store items that are not frequently needed). U-Shaped Kitchen and Work Triangle Even when planning a U-shaped kitchen, however, most contractors or designers will recommend incorporating a kitchen work triangle. This design principle is based on the theory that placing the sink, refrigerator and cooktop or stove  in proximity to each other makes a kitchen most efficient. If the work areas are too far away from each other, the cook wastes steps while preparing a meal. If the  workspaces  are too close together, the kitchen winds up being too cramped.   While many designs still use the kitchen triangle, its become a bit outdated in the modern era. It was based on a model from the 1940s which presumed only one person prepared and cooked all the meals solo, but in modern  families,  this may not be the case. The  standard kitchen work triangle  is best placed along the base of the U unless a kitchen island is present. Then the island should house one of the three elements. If you place them too far away from each other, the theory goes, you waste a lot of steps while preparing a meal. If they are too close together, you end up with a cramped kitchen without adequate space to prepare and cook meals.

Comparison Of Internal And External Conflicts And Their...

The comparison of internal and external conflicts and their affects on lives. Essay? HOOK: The story Blue Winds Dancing by Thomas S. Whitecloud demonstrates the experience of a native man transitioning to his life into a white society. It exhibits the internal and external struggles in the native’s life that he encounters throughout his life. However, the native is an outcast and has a longing to go back to his native reserve. In comparison, Angel Levine by Bernard Malamud describes the life of a Jewish man, named Manischevitz, who lost everything: his children, his business, and his wife because of her fatal illness. He reaches out to God, but there is no response which also leads him to lose†¦show more content†¦Manischevitz is distraught when a Black Angel appears to help, and he realises that all hope is lost. This negatively affects Mr. Manischevitz because he seeks affirmation from God, although, he does not believe in the black angel s powers. This leads Manischevitz down a spiral where he smote to the naked bones, cursing himself for having believed † in God to help him in his time of need. On the other hand, in Blue Winds Dancing, the native also undergoes an internal conflict; the native feels alone and lost in the White world. He feels like an outsider with no place in the white world that he desperately wants to accept him. The native compares himself to a hobo because they both are outsiders because they cherish different things from a typical white man. Additionally, the native in the story does not have a name to symbolize that his experience is very similar to many other natives who want to be apart of the white world. Overall, the native is having an Identity crisis because he does not know whether to acculturate and become like every other white man or go back to the blanket because it is familiar to him. He longs for home because he does not agree with the white man s customs of getting a hill and wanting a mountain. He wants to return back home where people can be free and the native can truly be himself. These internal conflicts are similar because both protagonists encounter identity crises which cause them to seek affirmation in their faithShow MoreRelatedComplicated and Tragic Stories of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzerald1140 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely separate time a young entrepreneur, Jay Gatsby, struggles to exist within a world of wealth in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Their battle for existence is evident through each authors use of characterization, internal, and external conflict. And, similar to you each of their stories is long, complicated and tragic. 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Ap Us History Project Free Essays

Read, Watch, or Listen (RWL) Project AP US HISTORYName: Directions: Each RWL project will consist of two sections. First, you will choose a source that relates to each of our units in United States history (read a book/portion of a primary source, watch a movie, or listen to an ITunes University lecture). Second, you will either answer five analysis questions or write a reflection paper based upon your source. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Us History Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unit 1: Formation of Colonies – Colonial Wars (1607-1763) Unit 2: Revolution – Constitution (1763-1789) Unit 3: Early National Period, War of 1812, Era of Good Feelings (1789-1814) Unit 4: Jacksonian Democracy, Antebellum reform movements, and sectional tensions (1814-1850) Unit 5: Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1870) Unit 6: Gilded Age (1870-1900) Unit 7: New Imperialism, Progressivism, and WWI (1900-1919) Unit 8: Interwar Period: Roaring Twenties, Jazz Age, and Great Depression (1920-1939) Unit 9: WWII, Start of Cold War, 1950’s Conformity (1939-1959) Unit 10: Turbulent 1960’s, Cold War continued, 1970’s (1960-1979) Unit 11: Reagan Revolution, End of Cold War, Modern United States (1980-2000) Rubric/Directions for Analysis Questions: APUSH – RWL ProjectNameType of Source: Book, Movie, or LectureDateName of Book, Movie, or Lecture 1. Introduction (1-2 sentences) – What is the topic/theme in American history in your book, movie, or lecture? What year(s) did your source cover? (10%) 2. Brief Summary (1-2 paragraphs) (15%) 3. Identify the Thesis (1-3 sentences) – What was the overall main idea and thesis of your source? (15%) 4. Analysis (2-4 paragraphs) – Based upon your knowledge of American history, was your source’s portrayal of its particular time period — Effective? Accurate? Exaggerated? Biased? (50%) 5. Conclusion (1-4 sentences) – Did you enjoy reading, watching, or listening to your source? If there was evidence of bias or inaccuracies, how could your source be improved or corrected? (10%)| Rubric/Directions for Reflection Paper: Format(10 points)| 1. ___ typed – size: 12, font: Times New Roman 2. ___ at least two pages 3. ___ double spaced 4. ___ 1 inch margins 5. ___ name, date, and title of source (Iecture, movie, or literary)| Spelling, Grammar, and Punctuation(10 points)| 1. __ correct grammar 2. ___ correct spelling 3. ___ correct punctuation 4. ___ appropriate word choice and syntax | Thesis/Introduction(10 points)| 1. ___ clear and concise thesis statement that accomplishes the following tasks: a. introduces the main idea of your source (ITunes U lecture, writing, or movie) b. provides your thoughts on the subject c. Provides categories for analysis (body paragraphs 2 and 3)| 1st Body Paragraph(20 points)| 1. ___ provid es a brief summary of your source (ITunes U lecture, writing, or movie) 2. __ 8 sentence minimum| 2nd Body Paragraph(20 points)| 1. ___ elaborate on the main idea of your source and provide your analysis on the topic 2. ___ 8 sentence minimum| 3rd Body Paragraph(20 points)| 1. ___ was it historically accurate? Exaggerated? Bias? How could the inaccuracies be corrected? 2. ___ 8 sentence minimum| Conclusion(10 points)| 1. ___ conclude your essay logically by reiterating your thesis and evaluation| Annotated Bibliography| 1. ___ *** If you do outside research to determine the historical accuracy of your source, you must cite it using MLA***| How to cite Ap Us History Project, Papers

Israeli Gaza Conflict

Introduction The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a major dispute between Palestinians and Israelis. The conflict began in the 1940s after the United Nations (UN) established a Jewish state in the region. The Gaza-Israel conflict took a new dimension following the election of the Hamas Party in 2005. This conflict escalated after the Palestinian Authority collapsed.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Israeli Gaza Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This event resulted in new factions that ousted the Palestinian National Liberation Movement (Fatah) from power. The Palestinians attacked Israel using rockets. Israel’s blockade of Gaza Strip has continued to redefine the future of this conflict. Israel is currently controlling most of Gaza’s territorial waters and airspace. The government of Israel is currently supplying the region with communications infrastructure, water, and electricity. T hesis statement: The history of Zionism describes the aspects of the struggle Israeli- Palestinian and the Gaza-Israel conflicts. Brief Description of the Topic The topic â€Å"History of the Gaza-Israel Conflict† will focus on the issues surrounding the conflict experienced in Gaza. The final paper will offer a succinct historical analysis and discussion of the conflict. Many scholars believe strongly that the conflict has a wider historical perspective than many people think. The creation of Israel in the 1940s resulted in numerous problems in the region. The United Nations used a partition strategy that led to the creation of a new Jewish state. Many Palestinians in the region were unhappy with the decision. However, Israel began to conquer more cities and lands. Several battles and wars occurred in the region. The 1947-1949 War resulted in new developments. Israel had already conquered several cities and territories. Many Palestinians became slaves and refugees. The Jews decided to occupy the newly acquired territories. They gave such landmarks and territories new Jewish names. Many Israelites have been confiscating land from the Palestinians thus resulting in new disagreements. Such individuals have rebelled because Israel has misappropriated their original land.Advertising Looking for proposal on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many Palestinians expected Gaza to be part of their state. This proposal seeks to examine the issues associated with this conflict. The final paper will focus on critical issues such as the creation of Gaza Strip and Israel’s treatment of the region. The proposal seeks to understand why these two sides have been escalating the conflict. Hypothesis The Gaza-Israel conflict is a struggle defined by the historical events and upheavals that have dominated the relationship between Palestine and Israel within the last six decades. Research Qu estions The Gaza-Israel Conflict is a major issue that describes the tense relationship between Palestine and Israel. The following research questions will be relevant towards understanding the history of this conflict. What is the history of Gaza Strip? How has the treatment of Gaza by Israel played a significant role towards this conflict? What is the origin of Hamas and what role have they played towards escalating the conflict in the recent past? Conclusion In conclusion, Gaza is currently a Palestinian state occupied by Israel. The Gaza-Israel conflict has continued to take new shapes due to the ideas supported by these two sides. Israel’s decision to confiscate more territories has forced many Palestinians to rebel. This crisis continues to take new twists because Israel has been confiscating more land. The completed paper will explore the origin of the Hamas government and its major roles in this conflict. The paper will also offer useful discussions about the origin and escalation of the Gaza-Israel conflict. This proposal on Israeli Gaza Conflict was written and submitted by user Enzo O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts

Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts International politics is a vast field; it entails many concepts such as wars, revolutions, global gender inequalities, demands for global human rights, as well as international trade. In order to understand international politics, the focus is usually turned to international relations theory (Griffiths, OCallaghan Roach 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For some duration, the international arena has been majorly controlled by many-centered theories that have attempted to explain global politics. However, this phenomenon changed from the end of 1980s, and at the beginning of 1990s, with the advent of feminism as a theory of international relations. Women became conscious of their role in the global arena. This essay discusses the validity of the statement as to whether feminism has anything t o state about the reality of war, conflict and hard, cold facts. Griffiths, OCallaghan and Roach (2008) state that feminism studies women from a perspective of being subjects of knowledge, but not mere objects; although feminism was studied in other social sciences, the function of gender in the international relations has been practically and theoretically sidelined. In the contemporary study of the discipline, several feminist thinkers have stated their political consideration from gender-blind position, and have been biased towards favoring male gander in the society. Over the last two decades, feminism has cropped up as a major concept in the international relations (Sullivan 2002). The main idea of this feminism drive was to confront the basic biases of the discipline. The move aim was to emphasize the ways where women were separated from the analysis of the country, international political and international economic situation and global security. The beginnings of internal rel ations feminism were associated with a more general ferment in the field, often referred to as ‘third debate’ (Dunne, Kurki Smith 2007). Early feminists challenged the field of the international relationships to examine the level of the reorientation and the level of the understanding of the international politics in case gender were a major category for analysis and synthesis and women’s experiences were part of the matter.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The feminism entered the international relations right at the time when the feminist theory was considered as the one deserving attention in the society. Considering the reasons for the emerging of the feminist theory, the problem of uneven and imbalanced relationships between men and women within the concept of the historical social movement is basic one (Elshtain 1995). Therefore, it ma y be stated that the main idea of the feminist theory in the modern society is to comprehend the current existing social order. Unfairness and tyranny may be considered as the main issues of transformation of the social opinion and its direction at feminism theory (Ackerly, Sterm True 2006). There are many different approaches to feminism as different social schools considered it and believed them to be as liberal, Marxist, radical, socialist, psychoanalytic, standpoint, post-colonial and postmodern. Feminism in international relationships may also be considered within these theoretical traditions. Searching for literature devoted to the problems of feminism, many sources may be considered within liberal points of view, however, looking at the situation in general, making the focus on foreign policy, considering public opinion and analyzing various international relationships from the point of view of the feminism, this movement managed to classify themselves as post-liberals. Addi tionally, many women who take par in the international relationships are sure that hey may be considered at the international arena and should be added to the theoretical frameworks (Dunne, Kurki Smith 2007). Gender is considered as one of the categories for analysis in this case. However, the differences which exist between women themselves may cause the division between two groups or labels, post-modern or post-colonial approaches. The impact of these approaches on women is various as well. There is the problem that many women have focus on the issues and problems in the international relation which bother only female part of the mankind. On the one hand, it is important to protect women from rape, trafficking, prostitution, domestic service and too complicated homework.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, feminists focus only on the aspects they are interested in and it prevents the representatives of this movement to view the general picture and to stress the priorities which may be absolutely different from what feminists consider. At the same time, the importance of the feminists is that they managed to show the life of simple individuals from different angles. Feminists focused their attention not on the society and mankind as a whole, but on separate groups of people and on individuals at the margins of world politics. This diversity of feminist thought should not be considered as the means for the research and analysis in the nature of international relations (Tickner 1992). Being committed to ‘celebration of diversity’ (Sylvester 2002, p. 125), feminists in the international relationships have managed to follow different approaches in their research. Working in this direction, feminist movement challenges the ‘disciplining’ (Sylvester 2002, p. 68) effects of the discipline. At the same time, many representatives of the feminism would vigorously resist such division of the assistance they implement. Instead of identifying the main idea of feminism or developing a set of the beliefs the movement is directed at, it is more important and constructive to show the practical importance and the validity of application of the feminist theories into life (Sylvester 2002). The novelty of the feminism movement and the approach in general has lead to the situation that debates between International Relations feminists have been subdued even though most of the female representatives had absolutely different thoughts and ideas. The self-criticism between different ideas is reduced to minimum and cannot impact the general position of each of the opinions. This may have been contributed by the relative newness of the approach (Sullivan 2002). Therefore, one of the main ideas of feminists in the international relations hips is to make sure that they are heard. Having their principles and ides, they want to create the situation that their approaches and considerations are implemented into life. The shift of focus from women related gender issues to gender in general, took place not only in the literature, but also in the policies that have been geared towards development. However, this move was not without its critics. Sylvester (2002) argues there are some situations when the ‘mainstreaming’ of gender that begun to adopt the term.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, this has created a sort of differences between the intentions of feminists aimed at focusing on hierarchical and unequal relations in the society, and how those intentions were really implemented in the society. In reality, the situation was used for minimizing the political and contradicting character of relationships between women and men in the society (Reus-Smit Snidal 2008). Jabri OGorman (1999) hold that development of the literature sources devoted to women and to the development of the feminism show some noteworthy trends in feminist international relationships. The focus on both sides of gender, therefore, has allowed feminist international relations reconsider the hierarchical structures of imbalance between women and men, the same reasons also allowed the system to consider the women’s subordination. It I impossible to contradict the fact that women are mostly placed on different levels depending of various factors, such as their trace, class, nation ality and geographic setting, at the same time, many women have a definite similarity, the location at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale in all societies (Enloe 1983). For many international relationships feminist theorists, the location of women to the liberal literature on the international economy is problematic as it does not bring out the power structures that are supposed to improve the women standing on the international stage, but it instead covers these structures. This put women at disadvantaged position (Steans 2006). Having examined the feminism theory, does feminism then offers solutions to the reality of war, conflict and hard, cold facts? To answer this query, the relationship between conflict and feminism will be explored. The relation between masculinity and war has been the main idea for feminist research. While the manliness of war cannot be denied as the fact, militaries must toil to convert men into soldiers, to teach them and to prepare them to fight. It is important to remember that the same behavior in the direction of women is considered as something unnatural and the behavior in such a way is considered as not the ‘womanly’ (Tickner 1992). There is one more image of a soldier which offers self sacrifice in order to protect women, children and the vulnerable groups of people in the society. The belief that young males fight to defend themselves, has been a significant driving force for the recruitment of military forces (Risse Simmons 2002). There were times when women were invisible for military services, however, the acceptance of women in the military services in some specific countries make this issue more problematic. Thus, men are unable to ignore women as a fact in the military services. The opportunity and the desire of women to take part in the military services, to participate in the military operations and their presence at the war are the reasons which may place women at the same level with men at the inte rnational arena. Even though military remains a male affair, the presence of women there has changed it. Additionally, public opinion should be considered. Looking at the situation in the Gulf War of 1991 where women died in war, people were really disturbed with the situation and this fact should not be contradicted. Therefore, the presence of women at the war puts them in the situation where they on the one hand, they are motivated by the liberal principle of equality, and at the other hand they are women and they are to be protected. The protection of women and their position as warriors seems incompatible. The presence of women at war is considered differently by various directions in feminism. Liberal feminists believe that equality should be present at everything and they are sure that women at war are exactly what they need to make sure that feminism is flourishing. However, many radical feminists believe that women should reject fighting in men’s wars. In fact, certai n radical feminists claimed that women have a special purpose, they are to bring peace to the world society, therefore, the presence of a woman in the army should have only the peaceful purposes, without wars (Elshtain 1995). Women are fighting for the same rights and attitude as to men. It is important to understand that the presence in the military service and the participation in the war make them equal. At the same time it shows that men are unable to lead wars individually. The presence of women at the war also points at the inability to have a piece. The peaceful development in the international relationships becomes more complicated affair as even women aimed and carrying piece at the society are war directed and want to take part in the military services (Goldstein 2003). However, there are still those women who are aimed at carrying peace in the society. These women want to show their care and maternity feelings. The importance of these women at the international arena is t hat they encourage others for negotiations. Thus, these women give hope to others and it is really important. Performing such function, women place themselves different to men. However, it does not mean that this difference is negative. Women are different from men and trying to show their similarity and equality they are more distinguished and may be considered as unique (Reus-Smit Snidal 2008). Considering the example of the women’s behavior when their peaceful nature served to the settling of the conflicts, the elimination of the nuclear conflict between the powers during the Cold War may serve as a good example as well as the Women’s Strike for peace in the United States in the early 1960s (Sylvester 2002). Defended personal right as mothers women are able to impact the situation in the whole society as it is difficult to imagine the situation when government supports the course to support for nuclear containment (Enloe 1983). There is an opinion that peacefully d irected women and warlike men lead to antagonisms that threaten the validity of feminist projects (Enloe 2000). Sullivan (2002) states that even though peaceful direction of women may impact some decisions, it is unable to change existing gender situation. This allows men to dominate in politics. Still, the gender differences are omitted when meaning support for war (Jabri OGorman 1999). Despite the rise of feminism in the milieu of international relations, there is still a key disparity between academics of international relations in both genders (Goldstein 2003). In conclusion, it should be stated that feminism has much to say about the reality the reality of war, conflict and hard, cold facts. It has been considered that men are more directed at war while women are aimed at peaceful consideration of the situation, still, the desire to remain equal, the feminism movement and culture make the priorities to change. Reference List Ackerly B, Sterm M, True J. 2006. Feminist methodol ogies for international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press. Dunne T, Kurki M, Smith S. 2007. International relations theories: discipline and diversity. New York: Oxford University Press. Elshtain JB.1995. Women and war. Chicago: University of Chicago. Enloe C. 1983. Does khaki become you? The militarisation of womens lives. Michigan: South End Press. Enloe C. 2000. Making feminist sense of international politics. California: California Press. Goldstein J. 2003. War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Griffiths, M, OCallaghan T, Roach S. 2008. International relations: the key concepts. London: Taylor and Francis. Jabri V, OGorman E. 1999. Women, culture, and international relations. London: Lynne Rienner. Reus-Smit C, Snidal D. 2008. The Oxford handbok of international relations. New York: Oxford University Press. Risse T, Simmons B. 2002. Handbook of international relations. London: SAGE. Steans J. 2 006. Gender and international relations: issues, debates and future directions. New York: Polity. Sullivan M. 2002. Theories of international relations: transition vs. persistence. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Sylvester C. 2002. Feminist international relations: an unfinished journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tickner A. 1992. Gender in international relations: feminist perspectives on achieving global security. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Presidential Appointments Requiring Senate Approval

Presidential Appointments Requiring Senate Approval What a compliment! The President of the United States has named you to fill a top-level government position, maybe even a Cabinet-level job. Well, enjoy a glass of bubbly and take some slaps on the back, but dont sell the house and call the movers just yet. The president may want you, but unless you also win the approval of the U.S. Senate, its back to the shoe store on Monday for you. Across the federal government, nearly 1,200 executive-level jobs may be filled only by individuals appointed by the president and approved by a simple majority vote of the Senate. For new incoming presidents, filling many, if not most, of these vacated positions as quickly as possible represents a major part of their presidential transition process, as well as taking a significant portion of time throughout the remainder of their terms. What Kind of Jobs are These? According to a Congressional Research Service report, these presidentially-appointed positions requiring Senate approval can be categorized as follows: Secretaries of the 15 Cabinet agencies, deputy secretaries, undersecretaries, and assistant secretaries, and general counsels of those agencies: Over 350 positionsJustices of the Supreme Court: 9 positions (Supreme Court justices serve for life subject to death, retirement, resignation or impeachment.)Certain jobs in the independent, non-regulatory executive branch agencies, like NASA and the National Science Foundation: Over 120 positionsDirector positions in the regulatory agencies, like the Environmental Protection Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration: Over 130 positionsU.S. Attorneys and U.S. Marshals: About 200 positionsAmbassadors to foreign nations: Over 150 positionsPresidential appointments to part-time positions, like the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: Over 160 positions Politics Can Be a Problem Certainly, the fact that these positions require the approval of the Senate poses the possibility that partisan politics may play a critical role in the presidential appointment process. Especially during times when one political party controls the White House and another party holds a majority in the Senate, as was the case during the second term of President Barak Obama, Senators of the opposition party are more likely to try to delay or reject the president’s nominees. But There are ‘Privileged’ Nominations Hoping to avoid those political pitfalls and delays in the presidential nominee approval process, the Senate, on June 29, 2011, adopted Senate Resolution 116, which established a special expedited procedure governing Senate consideration of certain lower-level presidential nominations. Under the resolution, over 40 specific presidential nominations- mostly assistant department secretaries and members of various boards and commissions- bypass the Senate subcommittee approval process. Instead, the nominations are sent to the chairpersons of the appropriate Senate committees under the heading, â€Å"Privileged Nominations – Information Requested.† Once the committees’ staffs have verified that the â€Å"appropriate biographical and financial questionnaires have been received† from the nominee, the nominations are considered by the full Senate. In sponsoring Senate Resolution 116, Senator Chuck Schumer (D-New York) stated his view that because the nominations were for â€Å"noncontroversial positions,† they should be confirmed on the floor of the Senate by â€Å"unanimous consent†- meaning they are all approved at the same time by a single voice vote. However, under the rules governing unanimous consent items, any Senator, for himself or herself or on the behalf of another Senator, can direct that any particular â€Å"privileged† nominee be referred to Senate committee and considered in the usual fashion. Recess Appointments: The Presidents’ End Run Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives presidents a way to at least temporarily bypass the Senate in making presidential appointments. Specifically, the third clause of Article II, Section 2 grants the president the power to â€Å"fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.† The courts have held that this means that during times the Senate is in a recess, the president can make appointments without the need for Senate approval. However, the appointee must be approved by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress, or when the position becomes vacant again. While the Constitution does not address the issue, the Supreme Court in its 2014 decision in the case of National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning ruled that the Senate must be in recess for at least three consecutive days before the president can make recess appointments. This process, popularly known as â€Å"recess appointments,† is often highly controversial. In an attempt to prevent recess appointments, the minority party in the Senate often holds â€Å"pro forma† sessions during recesses lasting longer than three days. While no legislative business is conducted in a pro forma session, they ensure that Congress is not officially adjourned, thus blocking the president from making recess appointments. Presidentially Appointed Jobs With No Senate Needed If you really want to work â€Å"at the pleasure of the president,† but don’t want to have to face the scrutiny of the U.S. Senate, there are more than 320 other high-level government jobs that the president can fill directly without the Senate’s consideration or approval. The jobs, known as PA, or â€Å"Presidential Appointment† jobs pay from about $99,628 to about $180,000 per year and offer full federal employee benefits, according to the Government Accountability Office.

Comprehensive School Health Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comprehensive School Health Program - Essay Example The second controversial issue is that with the healthy foods on the menu, students have a choice between vegetables or fruits, but they do not have to eat them. Research shows that many students do not eat two out of the five lunch options offered in a day. According to the journal Public Health Nutrition over five hundred elementary school trays studied, students throw away a third of the grain, vegetables, and fruits (Minelli & Breckon 2009). One of the most common budgetary constraint faced by most comprehensive school health programs is insufficient funds needed for evaluation. Often these programs and projects budgets are inadequate regarding the financial support they get. As a result, evaluation funds are usually relocated to other activities. The consequence of this is that the assessment designs are over simplified. It is a way in which schools find it easy to reduce the cost and time requirements that are associated with the valuation process. Oversimplification of evaluations, designs, and procedures of the CSHPs can result in the reciprocated controversies that are related to it. A decent example of an institute that implemented creative measures to tackle budget constraints is Woodland Hills School. The school was faced with budget shrinks and pension costs increasing; the institution had to come up with creative methods to raise funds to cater for the costs. One of the imaginative means applied is through fund raisers that the institution arranged in conjunction with the parents.

Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Liberalism - Essay Example Liberalim i the culmination of development in Wetern ociety that produced a ene of the importance of human individuality, a liberation of the individual from complete ubervience to the group, and a relaxation of the tight hold of cutom, law, and authority. The emancipation of the individual can be undertood a a unique achievement of Wetern culture, perhap it very hallmark. (Necati , 1998, pp. 447-477) Liberalim alo derive from the practice of adverariality in European political and economic life, a proce in which intitutionalized competition-uch a the competition between different political partie in electoral contet, between proecution and defene in judicial procedure, or between different producer in a free-market economy-i ued to generate a dynamic ocial order. Adverarial ytem have alway been precariou, however, and it took a long time for the belief in adverariality to emerge from the more traditional view, traceable at leat to Plato, that the tate hould be an organic tructure in which the different ocial clae cooperate by performing ditinct yet complementary role. The belief that competition i an eential part of a political ytem and tha4 good government require a7vigorme Oppoiion wa 4all c/nideped drange in eop Edropean c/uft2ia in he Epl9 19th7centUry. (Ne#at( , 19, pp,7447-077) Each nati/N' lHike other polhti"al octrind, lib%0al)m7i hig(ly enitiva 4k tIMe aNd bhpcumtance Each nati/N' liberalim i different, and it ahange in each generation. The hitorical development of liberAlii over recent centurie ha been a movement from mitrup of the taTe' overegnty on the ground that power tend to ba miue, to a willingne to ue the power of government to correct inequitie in the ditribution of wealth reulting from a free-market economy. The expanion of government power and reponibility ought by liberal in the 20th century wa clearly oppoed to the contraction of government advocated by liberal a century earlier. In the 19th century liberal were generally hopitable to the buine community, only to become hotile to it interet and ambition for much of the 20th century. In each cae, however, the liberal' inpiration wa the ame: a hotility to concentration of power that threaten the freedom of the individual and prevent him from realizing hi potential, along with a willingne to reexamine and reform ocial intitution in the light of new need. Thi willingne i temPered by an averioN to udden, cataclymic change, which i ghat et df thE diberal fpnm the7raical.7It i thi ve2y eagern%7to encjurage7ueful ch nge howeve2, that ditingUihe the liberal from 4he conErvativ. (Necati , 0998, pp. 447%477) L BeraL Interna4ional i the w/r(d federat)on /f lIberal political partie. Fo5n$ed in 194 it7ha7becoMe the pre-emInEnt .et/rk fOr 0romotijg liberaliM, trengtheninclib%rah part)E anD for theprmmotion of lhberal de-ocracy arouNd THe7world. Dhere are a .1mber of comMon principle w(ich unite al, liberal partie brom frica, the AmerIca, Aia, and Europe; human rifhT, free7and fair eldction and muhtiparty-democracy, nciah judice, tolerancd, ocial market econgmy, free tr!de, environmental utainability and a trong ene of international olidarity. Naturally in the application of thee principle in different national circumtance there i diverity among liberal partie. All member adhere to the organiation Manifeto'. (Necati , 1998, pp.

The people bomb on 20-20 :: essays research papers

The film â€Å"The people bomb† was a compilation of stories and videos collected from diverse cultures and geographical locations focusing on dramatic increases in human population over short spans of time. This population explosion was having a direct, negative impact on the environment and society of the locations discussed. As a result, involved governments began taking action to alleviate the repercussions of this population expansion and to prevent its continuance. Some of these actions were received harshly by citizens under the acting governments, some were wavered and seen as ineffective for religious reasons and others were successful and becoming more so as time continues. One example of a harshly received marshal action was that of either forced, or persuaded, mass sterilization of societal members. This particular action was taken in India, where citizens from the general population were either forced or coerced into thinking they were being forced to accept ster ilization procedures. Many health and wrongful death issues ensued, as well as moral and emotional objection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Population expansion, on scales demonstrated in â€Å"The people bomb,† create serious issues for the societies that experience them. A large congestion of people in an area not designed, or capable of maintaining them spawns problems with waste disposal, employment, availability of necessary resources, health, and proper living accommodations. Most commonly experienced in the third world, matters such as these are quickly becoming pandemic in their proportions. Without proper regulation and control of the population or the existence of necessary support programs for a number of people not conducive to their environment, conditions will only worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One may argue that the problem of overpopulation in areas experiencing absolute poverty is inevitable. It may be viewed as a situation only repaired by either force, such as forced sterilization, or the simple end result of an abnormally high mortality rate amongst the population due to poor health conditions.

Commercial Banks Essay

Banks have developed around 200 years ago. The natures of banks have changed as the time has changed. The term bank is related to financial transactions. It is a financial establishment which uses, money deposited by customers for investment, pays it out when required, makes loans at interest exchanges currency etc. however to understand the concept in detail we need to see some of its definitions. Many economists have tried to give different meanings of the term bank. Nature of Commercial Banks Commercial banks are an organisation which normally performs certain financial transactions. It performs the twin task of accepting deposits from members of public and make advances to needy and worthy people form the society. When banks accept deposits its liabilities increase and it becomes a debtor, but when it makes advances its assets increases and it becomes a creditor. Banking transactions are socially and legally approved. It is responsible in maintaining the deposits of its account holders. While defining the term banks it is taken into account that what type of task is performed by the banks. Some of the famous definitions are given below: According to Prof. Sayers, â€Å"A bank is an institution whose debts are widely accepted in settlement of other people’s debts to each other.† In this definition Sayers has emphasized the transactions from debts which are raised by a financial institution. According to the Indian Banking Company Act 1949, â€Å"A banking company means any company which transacts the business of banking . Banking means accepting for the purpose of lending of investment of deposits of money from the public, payable on demand or other wise and withdraw able by cheque, draft or otherwise.† Commercial bank being the financial institution performs diverse types of functions. It satisfies the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, etc. That means they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs. The  functions performed by banks are changing according to change in time and recently they are becoming customer centric and widening their functions. Generally the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories viz. primary functions and the secondary functions. The following chart simplifies the functions of banks. Primary Functions of Commercial Banks Commercial Banks performs various primary functions some of them are given below 1. Accepting Deposits : Commercial bank accepts various types of deposits from public especially from its clients. It includes saving account deposits, recurring account deposits, fixed deposits, etc. These deposits are payable after a certain time period. 2. Making Advances : The commercial banks provide loans and advances of various forms. It includes an over draft facility, cash credit, bill discounting, etc. They also give demand and demand and term loans to all types of clients against proper security. 3. Credit creation : It is most significant function of the commercial banks. While sanctioning a loan to a customer, a bank does not provide cash to the borrower Instead it opens a deposit account from where the borrower can withdraw. In other words while sanctioning a loan a bank automatically creates deposits. This is known as a credit creation from commercial bank. Secondary Functions of Commercial Banks Along with the primary functions each commercial bank has to perform several secondary functions too. It includes many agency functions or general utility functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions. A. Agency Functions: Various agency functions of commercial banks are * To collect and clear cheque, dividends and interest warrant. * To make payment of rent, insurance premium, etc. * To deal in foreign exchange transactions. * To purchase and sell securities. * To act as trusty, attorney, correspondent and executor. * To accept tax proceeds and tax returns. B. General Utility Functions : The general utility functions of the commercial banks include * To provide safety locker facility to customers. * To provide money transfer facility. * To issue traveller’s cheque. * To act as referees. * To accept various bills for payment e.g phone bills, gas bills, water bills, etc. * To provide merchant banking facility. * To provide various cards such as credit cards, debit cards, Smart cards, etc.

America s College Promise Act Essay - 1535 Words

Introduction America always considers education as a basic need to develop one s personality and character. This is why it proclaims that every student in America deserves a fair chance at a higher education. It is common belief that a highly educated pool of workforce can better help in economy s growth competing on global front. America’s College Promise Act is also an effort to promote higher education and make it affordable for economically weaker section of the society. This act was unveiled by president Obama by initiating a two year community college program free of cost for responsible students. This scheme is aimed to let the students earn first half of their bachelor s degree and earn needed skills at no cost. This Act also relieved many students of a lot of stress that they experience in college due to the high prices that only few can pay with little struggle. The opportunity for education should be easily attainable by any citizen to further progress the country and its popula tion. The America’s College Promise Act, therefore, is not only beneficial for the general population but also for economic prosperity. Overview The America’s college promise act was proposed by president Obama and introduced by Sen. Tammy Baldwin and Rep. Bobby Scott on 8 July, 2016. The main objective of this act is to make higher education affordable for all. This bill if passed is expected to appropriate around $1.4 billion in Financial year 2016 and $79.7 billion over the periodShow MoreRelatedAmerica s College Promise Act Essay833 Words   |  4 Pagesof alleviating students’ debt is the America’s College Promise Act, more commonly known as the Heads Up America Campaign. Furthermore, I had the privilege of interviewing Claudia Chan, the Government Relations Manager of LaGuardia Community College whose has been working with different groups across campus around the Heads Up America Campaign. Patrick Lavilla: Hi Claudia, tell us a little bit about yourself and your role in the Heads Up America Campaign. Claudia Chan: Hello Patrick, I’m ClaudiaRead MoreA Poor Solution For America s Shortcoming1625 Words   |  7 PagesWelfare. A major issue in today’s society is the debate over free community college tuition. Even though some say free community college tuition would be one step closer to saving Americas crumbling lower class, community college tuition should not be completely free. An education from a community college is already very affordable even for those who are from low-income families. 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Roosevelt wanted to create something similar to the New Deal that attempted to help the less advantagedRead MoreThe World Is Flat, By Thomas Friedman1425 Words   |  6 Pagescatching up and in the words of Thomas Friedman, in The World is Flat, [we] simply are not educating, or even interesting, enough of our own young people in advanced math, science, and engineering (349). Therefore, we must combat this issue at hand. America has grown idle due to the achievements of previous ideas and although we have been amusing ourselves, bathing in our own narcissism, we are no longer at the top, no longer a positive anomaly. We aren’t producing skilled and knowledgeable workers to